Future Directions in Aerospace Technologies

From an assessment of the estimated needs for civil and military aircraft which arise from the predicted future growth of civil aviation and the known needs of the world's defense forces, it is shown that there are compelling reasons for international and inter-company collaboration to meet the demands. From that evidence and two British reports concerning the future of the UK and European aeronautics industry it has been possible to indicate the technology acquisition strategies proposed for future success. Underpinning these strategies are three categories of technology, namely Foundation Enhancing and Supporting. These categories are discussed before presenting a consideration of appropriate aerospace technologies for the future including the propulsion cycle, the use of double fuselage aircraft, the blended wing body concept, the design of long haul subsonic aircraft, new cockpit technology and air traffic management systems

The wind that blew the teacher’s hat off

ArticleMS201

Maps of Belonging: Muslims in Halifax

With a growing Muslim population in Canada, questions about their integration are typically framed in terms of a problem of national belonging most often directed at the larger communities found in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. This does not address where, when and how belonging takes place: through complicated personal, social, cultural and spiritual negotiations in the locally grounded everyday life of cities. My research analyzes the alternative maps of Halifax, Nova Scotia produced by a diverse group of twenty Muslim men and women through auto-photography and photo-elicitation interviews. I highlight the complex, diverse and multiple ways in which Muslims negotiate a sense of place and belonging in the city. I examine why understanding the different objectives, motivations, challenges and approaches of participants that make up ‘participant methodologies’ is critical for analyzing the meanings of and relationships between place and belonging. I replace one-dimensional representations of Muslims with narratives of a racially, ethnically, and religiously diverse group of Muslim converts, Canadian-born Muslims, and foreign-born Muslims whose different roots/routes to Islam and Halifax produce different maps of belonging. Muslims negotiate multiple and simultaneous belongings through the experiences and practices of intersectional identities and through the use and creation of ‘halal’ space in the city. I argue that participants’ embodied practices as well as their social and cultural frameworks produce a complicated terrain of connections and disconnections through which participants negotiate everyday life in ‘Halalifax’: a city made congruent with Islamic practices and Muslim belonging. I map the challenges of fostering a sense of ‘ummah’ or community against the internal divisions of the Muslim community to reveal a complex cartography of the politics of belonging. I demonstrate how faith spaces are fought for and created and address the promise and politics of UMMAH Masjid, the city’s newest mosque under construction in Halifax. Mapping the city in these ways demonstrates not only the diverse and complex histories and politics of Muslims and Muslim community in the smaller city of Halifax, but also the efforts to create a sense of place and belonging despite them

Breeding soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr) varieties for single- versus double-crop production systems

Soybeans [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] are grown throughout the southeastern United States as both a single crop and as a second crop following small grains. Varieties currently grown in both systems were developed under conventional, mono-crop conditions. Concern over the development of current varieties has prompted researchers to question if these varieties are best suited for double-crop production or if new varieties should be developed which are specifically adapted for double-cropping. Twenty-five determinate and 25 indeterminate F^-derived breeding lines were evaluated for seed yield in conventional (tilled seedbed, optimum planting date, wide rows) and double-crop (wheat stubble seedbed, mid-June planting date, narrow rows) nursery environments to determine: 1) if relative yield of lines was similar in the two systems, and 2) if indeterminate lines were higher yielding than determinate lines under double-crop conditions. The tests were conducted at 26 location/year combinations in 1982-1986. The 50 lines were separated into two groups based on overall means from the 26 combinations: 1) a superior group consisting of 17 lines which yielded above the overall mean in both conventional and double-crop nursery environments, and 2) a non-superior group consisting of all other lines. Genotype X nursery environment interactions were significant for both the superior and non-superior groups, but the magnitude of interaction was twice as great for the non-superior group. Stability analysis showed that the superior group had significantly higher mean regression values than the non- superior group in conventional tests, but there was no difference in double-crop tests. Selection of the top lines based on means from combinations of one, two, three, and four conventional tests in 1985, and combinations of one, two, three, and four double-crop tests in 1985, each produced up to 65% of the superior lines. The best breeding line was selected in every case. Mean yield differences were not significant between growth types in conventional tests, but determinates were significantly higher yielding than indeterminates in double-crop tests. The results from this study indicate there is no immediate need to maintain separate selection nurseries to enhance the development of soybean varieties adapted for double-crop production systems

Magnetic and sedimentological analyses of quaternary lake sediments from the English Lake District

Results of mineral magnetic, mobile clement, and granulometric analyses of Holocene sediments from Buttermere and Crummock Water (two closely-linked lakes in the north-west of the English Lake District) are presented. These are used to: (1) identify effects of internal (lacustrine) and external (catchment) controls on sedimentation; (2) establish catchment source-lake sediment linkages and assess the value of mineral magnetic techniques in palaeolimnological studies; (3) identify major catchment environmental changes. Analyses of lake sediment fabrics (using sediment thin sections, SEM clay flake analysis, standard granulometric analysis, and mineral magnetic indicators of grain size change) indicate that river plume sedimentation is the normal sediment dispersal mechanism in these lakes. Thin (-4%). Industrially-derived magnetic spherules contribute significantly to the mineral magnetic characteristics of the more recent sediments, (mainly those post-dating circa 1900 A.D.). These are used to construct a proxy chronology for recent sediments. Catchment environmental changes arc mainly related to stabilisation of vegetation following deglaciation and, from circa 2,000 B.P., anthropogenic effects of deforestation and land disturbance, thus increasing lake sediment accumulation rates. These findings are broadly consistent with the interpretation of the Lake District Post-glacial sediment sequence presented in studies by Mackereth, (1966a), and Pennington, (1981), demonstrating a uniformity of lake and catchment development within the Lake District. A prominent minerogenic layer present in the Buttermere and Crummock Water sediment sequence however broadly correlates with similar horizons deposited in other Lake District lakes from circa 7,400 - 5,000 B.P. These have been previously interpreted as composed of topsoil-derived material derived from human actions, (Pennington 1973, 1981). In the Buttermere and Crummock Water sediments, this layer is best interpreted as derived from glaciogenic sediment') reworked from within the lake basins, probably following lowered lake water levels during the period circa 7,300 - 5,300 B.P. Thus it is suggested that a reinterpretation of similar Lake District lacustrine sediments using the methods employed in this study would be appropriate

Optimal control of an internal combustion engine and transmission system

The control of an internal-combustion engine such that it will produce its required output, with a minimum consumption of fuel, even in the presence of random load disturbances, has become a necessary requirement for future prime-mover and vehicular applications. This thesis is concerned with an attempt to produce a practical scheme to meet that requirement from a study of several methods of achieving optimal engine regulation and a method of obtaining optimal start-up. An attempt was made first to identify the response of the engine-transmission-load combination with a mathematical model obtained by the use of computers. The servo-mechanism associated with the throttle was identified also, and then a complete state-variable description of the system was obtained. Next an automatic gear-changing scheme was designed and implemented. With the availability of this practical system an optimal control function was generated then to implement optimal start-up. The optimal function was calculated by solving the associated multi-point boundary value problem by means of technique of quasi-linearisation. To subject the system to random loads an artificial road was simulated, and a scheme was devised to vary the dynamometer loading in response to this 'road' signal. The remainder of the thesis is concerned with a study of several different methods of obtaining optimal or sub-optimal schemes of regulation and with comparisons of experimental results and the results from associated theoretical computer studies. Many suggestions for further investigations are contained in the final chapter

Using mixed linear models and best linear unbiased predictions to predict seed yield in soybeans

Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) from mixed linear models have been used to predict breeding values of dairy sires for milk yield based on information from their dams and daughters. One of the major advantages of BLUP is that predictions of individuals can be made when information on the individual per se is unavailable, but information from its relatives is available. Since BLUP methodology can utilize information from individuals per se and their relatives to predict the value of individuals, there is potential for its use in two important areas of plant breeding: i) predicting breeding values of parents from the performance of their relatives, and ii) ranking new genotypes when observed data for them are limited (e.g. early stages of performance testing). The objectives of this dissertation were to i) compare the efficiencies of BLUP and MPV in determining seed yield performances of future soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) crosses from historical information about parents, ii) determine the effects of progeny and grand-progeny yield performance information on breeding values of their parents, iii) compare seed yield predictions from BLUP to a traditional approach of estimation, best linear unbiased estimations (BLUE), for ranking new genotypes from a limited number of yield tests, and iv) develop a computing strategy for utilizing BLUP in plant breeding applications. The F4-F6 bulks and F5:6, lines from 24 crosses and four parents were evaluated in replicated yield trials in 11 environments to establish their relative seed yield performances. A summary of the results was; i) predictions of the 24 crosses from BLUP using only historical parental data were better indicators of performance than estimates from MPV, ii) BLUP breeding values of parents were more precise using small amounts of progeny information than when using large amounts of grand-progeny information, iii) BLUP was superior to BLUE for ranking new genotypes evaluated in a limited number of performance trials, and iv) computer software was developed using SAS/IML™ for computing BLUP values in plant breeding applications. The BLUP methodology should be considered a superior alternative to traditional approaches to genotypic performance estimation

A Study of the Effects of Water Institutions on Planning and Management of Water Resources in Utah

One area of research that has been somewhat neglected in water planning programs and water development is that pertaining to water law and water institutions. Over the years each state has developed a complex system of water law and organizations for the allocation and distribution of water. The usual role of these institutions is one of orderly development and the efficient use of the water resource. However, in many cases water law and institutions have imposed serious constraints upon the planning and the most efficient use of a valuable resource. This study, through historic research, has attempted to define these water institutions in the state of Utah. In order to fully identify these agencies an in-depth study was made of the active water institutions in Weber County. This was accomplished through personal interviews, review of articles of incorporation, court records, annual reports and similar documents. The study has revealed that all of these institutions as established by legislation have the opportunity to overlap in areas of jurisdiction, sources of water and potential customers. This possibility of overlapping or duplication of services exists but may not necessarily be practiced. The most serious legislative omission is the lack of vertical coordination between the state and local agencies and horizontal cooperation among institutions operating in the same area. This lack of coordination and cooperation has precluded the most efficient use and development of the water resources of the state